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2019 iT 邦幫忙鐵人賽

DAY 10
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30天修煉Ruby面試精選30題系列 第 10

Day10 - Ruby 如何調用方法(invoke method)?

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前情提要:

不知不覺到了第10天囉!。鐵人賽進度1/3(挺胸!)接下來應該會進入學習的深水區,但是我會越戰越勇。路遙知馬力,日久見人心!?‍♀️


Ruby經典面試題目 #10

Ruby如何引入方法? Please explain how Ruby looks up a method to invoke?

每當不知從何下筆時,起手式就是開始回顧之前的文章,盤點我已經走了多遠、以及基礎觀念到底掌握了多少:

鐵人賽足跡 面試問題 我的總結
Day 1 class class建立物件實體,以method和資料互動
Day 2 class與 module class可繼承,module不可繼承
Day 3 module module裡的method可被include和extend
Day 4 instance method與class method include用於instance method, extend用於class method
Day 5 self物件與singleton method singleton method是singleton class的instence method
Day 6 public, protected, private method 在classs外無法取得protected或private method
Day 7 symbol與string :符號 symbol class的物件實體,object_id相同 / 字串: string變數指向字串物件,object_id不同
Day 8 concat+= method concat串接, object_id相同 / += object_id不同
Day 9 `

洋洋灑灑地條列出這麼多方法之後,我們好奇的問,

Ruby到底是怎麼尋找這些方法的呢?

Ruby最先尋找的地方是物件的eigenclass(特徵類別,物件上層的隱藏類別)method會直接定義在裡面,如同Day 5提到的singleton method(類別方法)。

如果Ruby沒有辦法在物件的eigenclass找到,它會尋找此物件class所屬的上一層(ancestor)class、層層往上搜尋,深入到Object、到Kernal、最後去BasicObject搜尋method是否在裡面。

https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/tingsrailsdemo/class.png 圖片來源

如果都找不到Method的話呢?

不用擔心,Ruby就像Google Map一樣給予提示,它會在內部搜尋另一個:method_missing method給這個物件的class,提供Ruby工程師解bug的線索:

undefined method `某方法名稱' (NoMethodError)

這個線索我們並不陌生,因為我們已經有多次經驗了:

Day 6,無法使用class裡的.protected.private方法

day6.protected #=> undefined method `protected' (NoMethodError)
day6.private #=> undefined method `private' (NoMethodError)

Day 7Symbol找不到[]=方法

:tingsmessage[1]= "Z"
#undefined method `[]=' for :tingsmessage:Symbol (NoMethodError)

我從https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.5.1/列出我在前十篇文章所用到的實體方法(Public Instance Methods),整理表格如下:

Object Kernal BasicObject
class →class puts(obj, ...) → nil object_id →integer
extend(module) →obj String(arg) → string send(symbol [, args...]) → obj
singleton_method(sym) → method Hash(arg) → hash new()這個是Public Class Methods!

為了更清楚釐清自己的觀念,以及未來尋找海外工作、面試語言的需要,我決定用英文整理出這10天的學習紀錄,並附上手冊連結:

觀念 解釋
class Classes in Ruby are first-class objects.
module Modules serve two purposes in Ruby, namespacing and mix-in functionality.
class method Class methods (methods on a module) may be called directly.
instance method Instance methods defined in a module are only callable when included.
include when the module is included, istance methods appear as methods in a class. (module methods do not.)
extend Adds to obj the instance methods from each module given as a parameter.
self Self refers to the object that defines the current scope. (it will change when it a different method or a new module) .
singleton class Returns an array of the names of singleton methods for obj. (If object is nil, true, or false, it returns NilClass, TrueClass, or FalseClass.)
singleton method The behavior of an instance is determined by its class.
public method With no arguments, sets the default visibility for subsequently defined methods to public. With arguments, sets the named methods to have public visibility.
projected method If a method has protected visibility, it is callable only where self of the context is the same as the method.
private method With no arguments, sets the default visibility for subsequently defined methods to private. With arguments, sets the named methods to have private visibility.
symbol Symbol objects represent names and some strings inside the Ruby interpreter.
string A String object holds and manipulates an arbitrary sequence of bytes
concat (string method) Concatenates the given object(s) to str. If an object is an Integer, it is converted to a character before concatenation.
+ (string method) Concatenation — Returns a new String containing
[true` `](https://ruby-doc.com/core/String.html#method-i-2B) (TrueClass method)

感想:

為了做Ruby如何invoke method的表格,我竟然把Ruby API的ObjectKernalBasicObject 頁面看了好幾次,了解輸入的參數怎麼用、已經輸出的物件會是什麼形式。

這是我在參與鐵人賽之前沒想過自己會做的事(感覺裏裏外外地翻閱手冊是挺高的境界啊!)

也了解到,經典面試題為何成為經典的原因,是因為它們實實在在地概括到Ruby基本最重要的概念。

經過這10天成長收穫巨大!明天來繼續研究更多method!!!! :)

===

Ref:


上一篇
Day09 - 超級經典面試題: Ruby的 a ||= b (or-equals)是什麼意思呢?
下一篇
Day11 - Ruby 的 block, proc, lamdba方法比較
系列文
30天修煉Ruby面試精選30題31
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1 則留言

1
神Q超人
iT邦研究生 5 級 ‧ 2018-10-13 22:00:42

好奇問一下凌晨五點發文是因為時差嗎/images/emoticon/emoticon16.gif
然後恭喜完成1/3了/images/emoticon/emoticon42.gif

哈哈哈~好眼力!雪梨這裡比台灣快3小時

謝謝大神鼓勵!之後20天的努力才是關鍵(推眼鏡)

神Q超人 iT邦研究生 5 級 ‧ 2018-10-14 16:00:39 檢舉

有些時間點真的讓人好奇到底是晚睡還是早起,哈哈哈
別叫大神我擔當不起XD
加油一起完成鐵人賽!

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